Ground impact protective performances of different helmets in electric two-wheeler accidents
HAN Yong1,2,3，HE Yong1,3，LIN Liya1,3，LI Yongqiang1,3，CHEN Yisheng4，FENG Hao2
1. School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China;
2. Key Lab of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, China (Academy of Forensic Science), Shanghai 200063, China;
3. Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D of Coach and Special Vehicle, Xiamen 361024, China;
4. Xiamen Yu Quan Composite Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361022, China
Abstract：Ground impact is one of the most important factors leading to fatal head injuries to riders in electric two-wheeler collisions. As an important head injury protection component, the helmet's protection against rider's head-ground impact is one of the key evaluation criteria for helmet design. Three finite element models of helmets (full helmet a and b, half helmet) were built based on real helmet geometry and combined with physical drop tests for model validation. The protection performance of three helmets against head skull fracture injury index (HIC) and severe brain injury index (PAA, HIP, MPS, CSDM0.25, etc.) in landing impact was analyzed through the reconstruction of three electric two-wheeler accidents. The results show that in case 1, both the full helmet a and full helmet b reduced the risk of skull fracture from 100% to less than 10%; in the case of the half helmet, the impact on the brim deflected the radially grounded foam in the impact with the ground, and the foam bottomed out prematurely causing it to reduce the risk of skull fracture to only 98%. In case 2 and case 3, three helmets reduced the risk of skull fracture by more than 90%. In three cases, the protection against PAA and MPS was not significant for either a full helmet a, b or a half helmet. Although the full helmet a and b protect better than the half helmet at the CSDM0.25 predicted risk of severe brain injury, further optimization of the helmet's protection against rotational loads is needed. The results show an important guideline for the head protection and helmet performance analysis for electric two-wheeled vehicle riders.
Key words: Electric two-wheeler accidents; Rider-to-ground collision; Helmet protective performance; In-depth accident reconstruction; Finite element analysis
[1] 公安部道路交通管理局，中华人民共和国道路交通事故统计年报 [M]. 北京：公安部交通管理科学研究院，2019.
[2] Ankarath S, Giannoudis PV, Barlow I, et al. Injury patterns associated with mortality following motorcycle crashes [J]. Injury-international Journal of the Care of the Injured, 2002, 33(6):473-477.
[3] Aare M, Holst H. Injuries from Motorcycle-and Moped crashes in Sweden from 1987 to 1999 [J]. International Journal for Consumer & Product Safety, 2003, 10(3):131-138.
[4] Rice TM, Troszak L, Ouellet JV, et al. Motorcycle helmet use and the risk of head, neck, and fatal injury: Revisiting the Hurt Study [J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2016, 91:200-207.
[5] Olivier J, Creighton P. Bicycle injuries and helmet use: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. International Journal of Epidemiology, 2017, 46:278–292.
[6] Fayon A, Tarriere C, Walfisch G, et al. Performance of helmets and contribution to the definition of the tolerances of the human head to impact [C]. IRCOBI Conference Proceedings; Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1976.
[7] Aldman B, Lundell B, Thorngren L. Helmet attenuation of the head response in oblique impacts to the ground [C]. IRCOBI Conference Proceedings; Lyon, France. 1978.
[8] Mertz GNHJ, Prasad P. Head injury risk assessment for forehead impacts [EB/OL]. (1996-02-01) https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/960099/.
[9] Fahlstedt M, Depreitere B, Halldin P, et al. Correlation between injury pattern and finite element analysis in biomechanical reconstructions of traumatic brain injuries[J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2015, 48:1331–1335.
[10] Deck C, Bourdet N, Halldin P. Protection capability of bicycle helmets under oblique impact assessed with two separate brain FE models [C]. IRCOBI Conference Proceedings; Antwerp, Belgium. 2017.
[11] Erhardt T, Rice MT, Troszak L, et al. Motorcycle helmet type and the risk of head injury and neck injury during motorcycle collisions in California [J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2016, 86:23-28.
[12] Yong Han, Wei He, Liangliang Shi, et al. (2020) Helmet protective performance via reconstruction of electric two-wheeler rider's head-to-ground impact accidents [J]. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 25:5, 493-504.
[13] Brooks D, Wiechel J, Sens M, et al. A comprehensive review of pedestrian impact reconstruction[EB/OL]. (1987-02-23) http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000040839525010_2e32.html.
[14] Nie J, Yang J. A study of bicyclist kinematics and injuries based on reconstruction of passenger car-bicycle accident in China [J]. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2014, 71:50-59.
[15] Nie J, Li G, Yang J. A study of fatality risk and head dynamic response of cyclist and pedestrian based on passenger car accident data analysis and simulations [J]. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control, 2015, 16(1):76-83.
[16] Mcnally DS, Whitehead S. A computational simulation study of the influence of helmet wearing on head injury risk in adult cyclists [J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2013, 60(1):15-23.
[17] Shi L, Han Y, Huang H, et al. Analysis of pedestrian-to-ground impact injury risk in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions based on rotation angles [J]. Journal of Safety Research, 2017, 64:37-47.
[18] Han Y, Li Q, He W, et al. Analysis of vulnerable road user kinematics before/during/after vehicle collisions based on video records [C]. IRCOBI Conference Proceedings; Antwerp, Belgium. 2017.
[19] Shi L, Han Y, Huang H, et al. Evaluation of injury thresholds for predicting severe head injuries in vulnerable road users resulting from ground impact via detailed accident reconstructions [J]. Biomechanics and modeling in mechanobiology, 2020.
[20] 陈吉光. 基于摩托车事故重建的头盔损伤防护性能研究[D].湖南大学,2013.
[21] 雷忠琦, 姚小虎, 龙舒畅,等. 聚苯乙烯泡沫材料的动态压缩特性[J].高压物理学报,2019,33(02):100-109.
LEI Zhongqi, YAO Xiaohu, LONG Shuchang, et al. Dynamic compression properties of polystyrene foam materials [J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2019, 33(02):100-109.
[22] 胡俊,韦璐. 聚苯乙烯泡沫应力-应变模型及吸能性能研究[J].应用力学学报,2015,32(03):430-434+7.
HU Jun, WEI Lu. Study on stress-strain model and energy absorption performance of polystyrene foam [J].Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2015, 32(03):430-434+7.
[23] Teng TL, Liang CL, Nguyen VH. Development and validation of finite element model of helmet impact test [J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications. 2013, 227(1):82-88.
[24] G. Milne,C. Deck,N. Bourdet,R.P, et al. Bicycle helmet modelling and validation under linear and tangential impacts [J]. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2014, 19(4).
[25] Aiello M, Galvanetto U, Lannucci L. Numerical simulations of motorcycle helmet impact tests [J]. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2007, 12(1):1-7.
[26] 吴贺, 韩勇, 石亮亮,等. 基于视频信息的高精度事故重建方法研究[J].汽车工程,2020,42(06): 778-783+792.
WU He, HAN Yong, SHI Liangliang, et al. Research on high precision accident reconstruction method cased on video information. [J]. Automotive Engineering, 2020, 42(06): 778-783+792.
[27] Martinez L, Guerra LJ, Ferichola G. Stiffness corridors of the European fleet for pedestrian simulation [C]. 20rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV); Lyon, France. 2007.
[28] Maki T, Kajzer J. The behavior of bicyclists in frontal and rear crash accidents with cars [J]. JSAE Review. 2001, 22:357–363.
[29] 张晓云, 杨小波, 张东明,等. 面向车-人碰撞事故的人-地摩擦因数可靠性分析[J].振动与冲击,2019,38(12):219-224.
ZHANG Xiaoyun, YANG Xiaobo, ZHANG Dongming, et al. Reliability analysis of human-ground friction coefficient for vehicle-pedestrian traffic accident. [J]. Journal of vibration and shock, 2019,38(12):219-224.
[30] 白茹, 陈明. 498例海口市道路交通事故死亡案例的法医学分析[J]. 法医学杂志, 2017.
BAI Ru, CHEN Ming. Forensic analysis of 498 road traffic accident deaths in Haikou City. [J]. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2017.
[31] 王金换, 巩京慧, 胡勇,等. 151例两轮摩托车山区道路交通事故死亡案例分析[J]. 中国法医学杂志, 2018, 33(S1):12-14.
WANG Jinhuan, GONG Jinghui, HU Yong, et al. Analysis of 151 cases of two-wheeled motorcycle road traffic accident deaths in mountainous areas [J]. Chinese Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2018, 33(S1):12-14.
[32] 邱金龙, 李奎, 苏森,等. 重庆地区摩托车事故中驾乘人员伤害分析[J]. 重庆医学, 2017(22):85-87.
QIU Jinlong, LI Quan, SU Sen, et al. Analysis on injuries of drivers and passengers in motorcycle traffic accidents in Chongqing area [J]. Chongqing Medicine Journal, 2017(22):85-87.
[33] 王方,蔡加欣, 王丙雨,等. 基于行人碰撞事故重建的颅脑损伤准则效能研究[J].中国公路学报,2018,31(04):231-240.
WANG Fang, CAI Jiaxin, Wang Bingyu, et al. Investigation of prediction effectiveness of brain injury criteria on injury risk through reconstruction of pedestrian accidents. [J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport ,2018, 31 (04): 231-240.
[34] 余超,兰靛靛,王方,等.乘用车前挡风玻璃角度对行人头部/颅脑损伤影响研究[J].振动与冲击,2020,39(06):189-197.
YU Chao, LAN Diandian, WANG Fang, et al. Influence of windscreen inclination angle on the head/brain injury in a pedestrian impact accident. [J]. Journal of vibration and shock. 2020,39(06):189-197.
[35] Chinn B, Canaple B, Derler S, Doyle D, et al. (2001) Cost 327 motorcycle safety helmets. European Commission, Directorate General for Energy and Transport.
[36] Marjoux D, Baumgartner D, Deck C,et al. Head injury prediction capability of the HIC, HIP, SIMon and ULP criteria.[J]. Accident; analysis and prevention, 2008, 40(3).
[37] Kang H-S, Willinger R, Diaw B M, et al. Validation of a 3D anatomic human head model and replication of head impact in motorcycle accident by finite element modeling [EB/OL]. (1997-11-12). https://saemobilus.sae.org/content/973339/.
[38] Takhounts Erik G, Craig Matthew J, Moorhouse Kevin, et al. Development of brain injury criteria (BrIC) [J]. Stapp car crash journal, 2013, 57.
[39] Fahlstedt M, Halldin P, Kleiven S. Importance of the bicycle helmet design and material for the outcome in bicycle accidents[C]. The 3th International Cycling Safety Conference (ICSC); Sweden. 2014.
[40] Ito D, Yamada H, Oida K, et al. Finite element analysis of kinematic behavior of cyclist and performance of cyclist helmet for human head injury in vehicle-to-cyclist collision. IRCOBI Conference Proceedings; Berlin, Germany, 2014.
