Based on the one-dimensional stress wave theory, two kinds of air-contain structures were presented. Their numerical simulation models were established. Based on verifying these simulation models, the dynamic change processes of cavity evolution, shock wave propagation and air-contain structure deformation for a liquid-filled structure with air-contain structures under projectile penetration were analyzed, the decay law of projectile velocity was studied. Shock wave features of different cabin structures under spherical projectile penetration and energy transfer relations among different parts of cabin were discussed. The plastic deformations of front plate and rear one under different projectile velocities were compared. The study results showed that air-contain structures added in a liquid-filled structure can effectively reduce impulse, energy and plastic deformation of both front plate and rear one of the liquid-filled structure; the cause of air-contain structures affecting deformations of front plate and rear one is impedance mismatch, expansion wave due to air-interlayer deformation and liquid cavitation; double-layer plate structure’s ability to reduce deformation of liquid-filled structures is superior to that of square sandwich plate one, but with increase in projectile velocity, their difference drops gradually.