Abstract：Public transport systems such as subway transit tunnels are prone to terrorists’ bombing attacks in recent years.Segmental lining is the most common type of liners adopted with the increasing use of TBM（tunnel boring machine）in tunnel constructions in urban areas.The most apparent difference between segmental tunnel lining and an integral one lies in the existence and distribution of joints that bind several types of segments in a ring and rings in the longitudinal direction of a tunnel,which are connected by pre-stressed jointing bolts.Due to the effects of joints,the overall rigidity and loading capacity of segmental lining are relatively low,compared with that of an integral one,also the deformation and damage mechanism are different.Assuming the scenarios of internal explosion under a case of terrorist attack,few research results could be traced on the internal explosion capacity of segmental tunnel linings.In this paper,it began with the analysis of full-scale test results of segmental tunnel linings under the condition of internal explosion,the deformation and failure patterns of segmental tunnel lining were outlined,and the key factors and positions that dominate the damage of a lining were figured out.Then attempts were made,by adding flexible damping cushions on the joints,to relieve the damage degree of contact area of bolts,thus optimizing segmental lining structure’s internal explosion capacity.At last,numerical simulations were performed and it was shown that,the localized failures of joint areas of tunnel segments could be relieved effectively after introduction of this method,so the internal explosion resistance performance of segmental lining structures could be optimized and hence improved.
[1] Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas,et al. Making Transportation Tunnels Safe and Secure[M]. Washington, DC, Transportation Research Board, 2006.
[2] No W G, International Tunnelling Association. Guidelines for the design of shield tunnel lining[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2000, 15(3): 303-331.
[3] Feldgun V R, Karinski Y S, Yankelevsky D Z. The effect of an explosion in a tunnel on a neighboring buried structure[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2014, 44: 42-55.
[4] Hu Q, Yuan Y. Numerical Simulation of Internal Blast Effects on a Subway Station[M]. Netherlands, Computational Structural Engineering, 2009.
[5] H Liu. Dynamic analysis of subway structures under blast loading[J]. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2009, 27(6): 699-711.
[6] M Larcher, F Casadei, G Solomos. Risk analysis of explosions in trains by fluid–structure calculations[J]. Journal of Transportation Security, 2010, 3(1): 57-71.
[7] 李忠献，刘杨，田力. 单侧隧道内爆炸荷载作用下双线地铁隧道的动力响应与抗爆分析[J]. 北京工业大学学报，2006，32(2)：173-181.
LI Zhong-xian, LIU Yang, TIAN Li. Dynamic Response and Blast-resistance Analysis of Double Track Subway Tunnel Subjected to Blast Loading Within One Side of Tunnel[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2006, 32(2): 173-181.
[8] 卢志芳，刘沐宇. 不同爆炸荷载下长江隧道的动力响应和损伤分析[J]. 爆破，2013，30(3)：5-9.
LU Zhi-fang, LIU Mu-yu. Analysis of Dynamic Response and Structure Damage of Yangtze River Tunnel Subjected to Different Explosion Loading[J]. Blasting, 2013, 30(3): 5-9.
[9] 刘沐宇，卢志芳. 接触爆炸荷载下长江隧道的动力响应分析[J]. 武汉理工大学学报，2007，29(1)：113-117.
LIU Mu-yu, LU Zhi-fang. Analysis of Dynamic Response of Yangtze River Tunel Subjected to Contact Explosion Loading[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2007, 29(1): 113-117.
[10] JanBen P. Load capacity of segment joints[D]. Braunschweig, Braunschweig University of Technology, 1983.
[11] Do N A. Numerical analyses of segmental tunnel lining under static and dynamic loads[D]. Lyon, INSA, 2014.
[12] Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P,et al. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of a mechanized twin tunnels in soft ground[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2014, 42: 40-51.
[13] Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P,et al. 2D numerical investigation of segmental tunnel lining under seismic loading[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2015, 72: 66-76.
[14] Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P,et al. A new numerical approach to the hyperstatic reaction method for segmental tunnel linings[J]. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 2014, 38(15): 1617-1632.
[15] Do N A, Dias D, Oreste P,et al. 2D numerical investigation of segmental tunnel lining behavior[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2013, 37: 115-127.
[16] Colombo M, Martinelli P, di Prisco M. A design approach for tunnels exposed to blast and fire[J]. Structural Concrete, 2014, 16: 1-30.
[17] Colombo M, Martinelli P, Huaping R. Pressure–impulse diagrams for SFRC underground tunnels[C]. Euro–C, 2014.
[18]小泉淳. 盾构隧道的抗震研究及算例[M]. 张稳军，袁大军译，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2009.
KOIZUMI Atsishi, writes, ZHANG Wen-jun, YUAN Da-jun, translate. The Study on earthquake-resistant behavior of shield tunnel and examples[M]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2009.
[19] Halquist J O. LS-DYNA keyword user’s manual version 971[M]. CA, Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, 2007.
[20] 孔晓鹏，蒋志刚，晏麓晖，等. 陶瓷复合装甲粘结层效应和抗多发打击性能的数值模拟研究[J]. 工程力学，2012，29(2)：041.
KONG Xiao-peng, JIANG Zhi-gang, YAN Lu-hui. An Numerical Study on Ashesive Layer Effects and The Protection Capability of Ceramic Composite Armors Against Multi-hit[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2012, 29(2): 041.
[21] Yi J, Boyce M C, Lee G F,et al. Large Deformation Rate-dependent Stress–strain Behavior of Polyurea and Polyurethanes[J]. Polymer, 2006, 47(1): 319-329.
[22] 罗昆升，赵跃堂，罗中兴，等. 地铁盾构隧道管片结构初始状态的数值模拟分析[J]. 土木工程学报，2013，46(4)：78-84.
LUO Kun-sheng, ZHAO Yue-tang, LUO Zhong-xing, et al. Numerical simulation on initial stress and strain of subway segmented tunnel[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 2013, 46(4): 78-84.
[23] 罗中兴. 越江隧道管片结构抗内爆炸作用理论与试验研究[D]. 南京，中国人民解放军理工大学，2012.
LUO Zhong-xing. Theoretical and experimental research on cross-river segmental lining under internal explosion [D]. Nanjing, PLA University of Science and Technology, 2012.
