1.School of Missile Engineering, Rocket Force University of Engineering, Xi’an 710025, China;
2.School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China
Abstract:In the development of heavy-duty and motorization of multi-axle special vehicles,power transmission performance is the guarantee of their rapid maneuvering combat ability and a manifestation of wartime survivability. The internal resistance loss of the transmission system will reduce the power transmission efficiency and directly affect the power performance, among which the mechanical friction resistance loss is the main loss of the transmission system. Focusing on the mechanical friction resistance loss characteristics and transmission efficiency research methods of the transmission system, this paper firstly analyzes the structural particularity of the multi-axle special vehicle transmission system and shows the importance of transmission efficiency to the transmission system performance. Secondly, the formation mechanism and main influencing factors of four main types of mechanical friction resistance loss are analyzed,namely gear meshing power loss, bearing friction power loss, oil seal power loss and transmission shaft power loss, which shows the relationship between transmission efficiency, structural parameters of components, and operating conditions, and provide an analytical basis for the characterization of transmission system performance. Then, the research core and difficulties of transmission system efficiency are summarized from three aspects: theoretical numerical study, simulation study and experimental demonstration study, which provides guidance for the optimal design and condition monitoring of transmission components, optimal matching and performance evaluation of transmission systems. Finally, the prospect of the current research depth of transmission efficiency characteristics is expounded, and it is considered that multi-factor coupling analysis, uncertainty analysis, dynamic characteristic analysis of power loss, and comprehensive transmission efficiency analysis based on vehicle driving conditions have more engineering application value.
高蕾1,刘志浩1,高钦和1,王冬1,黄通1,章一博2. 多轴特种车辆传动系统机械摩擦阻力损失与传动效率研究综述[J]. 振动与冲击, 2023, 42(18): 138-154.
GAO Lei1,LIU Zhihao1,GAO Qinhe1,WANG Dong1,HUANG Tong1,ZHANG Yibo2. Review on the mechanical friction resistance loss and transmission efficiency of a multi-axle special vehicle transmission system. JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND SHOCK, 2023, 42(18): 138-154.
[1] 王旺平. 微型汽车传动系统效率建模及试验研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2015.
Wang Wangping. Efficiency Modeling and Experimental Research of Miniature Vehicle Transmission System [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2015.
[2] 陈寅. 基于转鼓试验的微型汽车传动系统阻力测试与研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2012.
Chen Yin. Resistance Test and Research of Micro Vehicle Transmission System Based on Drum Test [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2012.
[3] 王斌, 宁斌, 陈辛波, 等. 齿轮传动搅油功率损失的研究进展[J]. 机械工程学报, 2020, 56(23): 1-20.
Wang Bin, Ning Bin, Chen Xin-bo, et al. Research Progress on Power Loss of Oil Stirring by Gear Transmission [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(23): 1-20.
[4] 李优华, 李权才, 刘忠明. 低速重载齿轮箱传动效率分析与测试[J]. 机械传动, 2017, 41(7): 111-115.
Li You-Hua, LI Quan-cai, LIU Zhong-ming. Analysis and Test of Transmission Efficiency of Low Speed and Heavy Load Gearbox [J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2017, 41(7): 111-115.
[5] 王成, 方宗德, 贾海涛. 斜齿轮滑动摩擦功率损失的计算[J]. 燕山大学学报, 2009, 33(2): 99-102, 108.
Wang Cheng, Fang Zongde, Jia Haitao. Calculation of Sliding Friction Power Loss of Helical Gear [J]. Journal of Yanshan University, 2009, 33(2): 99-102, 108.
[6] M. Kolivand, S. Li, A. Kahraman. Prediction of mechanical gear mesh efficiency of hypoid gear pairs[J]. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2010, 45(11): 1568-1582.
[7] 李祖锋. 考虑热弹流润滑接触特性的齿轮摩擦-动力学耦合研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2020.
Li Zufeng. Friction-dynamics Coupling of Gear Considering Contact Characteristics of Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2020.
[8] 姚建初, 陈义保, 周济, 等. 齿轮传动啮合效率计算方法的研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2001, (11): 18-21, 27.
Yao Jianchu, Chen Yibao, Zhou Ji, et al. Research on Calculation Method of Meshing Efficiency of Gear Transmission [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2001, (11): 18-21, 27.
[9] 易俊. 齿轮传动效率的研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2013.
Yi Jun. Research on Gear Transmission Efficiency [D]. Xi'an: Chang'an University, 2013.
[10] G. Koffe, F. Ville, C. Changenet, et al. Investigations on the power losses and thermal effects in gear transmissions[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-journal of Engineering Tribology, 2009, 223(J3 Trinity & All Saints Coll, Leeds, ENGLAND): 469-479.
[11] 廖建明. 汽车变速器功率损失及热流场仿真研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2019.
Liao Jianming. Simulation Research on Power Loss and Heat Flow Field of Automobile Transmission [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2019.
[12] J. Durand de Gevigney, C. Changenet, F. Ville, et al. Thermal modelling of a back-to-back gearbox test machine: Application to the FZG test rig[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part J-journal of Engineering Tribology, 2012, 226(J6): 501-515.
[13] 刘波. 重型商用车变速器润滑系统流动与传热仿真研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2012.
Liu Bo. Simulation Research on Flow and Heat Transfer of Heavy Commercial Vehicle Transmission Lubrication System [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2012.
[14] 王成, 崔焕勇, 张清萍, 等. 齿轮啮合效率的理论研究进展[J]. 济南大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 29(3): 229-235.
Wang Cheng, Cui Huanyong, Zhang Qingping, et al. Theoretical Research Progress of Gear meshing Efficiency [J]. Journal of Jinan University (Natural Science Edition), 2015, 29(3): 229-235.
[15] GH Benedict, BW Kelley.Instantaneous Coefficients of Gear Tooth Friction[J]. Asle Trans, 1961, 4(1): 59-70.
[16] Pedro M. T. Marques, Ramiro C. Martins, Jorge H. O. Seabra. Power loss and load distribution models including frictional effects for spur and helical gears[J]. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2016, 96: 1-25.
[17] Gears-Thermal capacity-Part2: Thermal loadcarrying capacity. ISO/TR 14179-2:2001-08[J].
[18] L Schlenk. Unterscuchungen zur Fresstragfähigkeit von Grozahnrädern[D]. TU München, 1994.
[19] BR Höhn, K Michaelis, M Hinterstoißer. Optimization of gearbox efficiency[J]. Goriva I Maziva: časopis Za Tribologiju, Tehniku Podmazivanja I Primjenu Tekućih I Plinovitih Goriva I Inžinjerstvo Izgaranja, 2009, 48(4): 441-461.
[20] S Matsumoto, K Morikawa. The new estimation formula of coefficient of friction in rolling-sliding contact surface under mixed lubrication condition for the power loss reduction of power transmission gears[C]//International Gear Conference, 2014: 1078-1088.
[21] CMCG Fernandes, RC Martins, JHO Seabra, et al. Coefficient of friction equation for gears based on a modified Hersey parameter[J]. Tribology International, 2016, 101: 204-217.
[22] Y. N. Drozdov, Y. A. Gavrikov. Friction and scoring under the conditions of Simultaneous rolling and sliding of bodies[J]. Wear, 1968, 11(4): 291-302.
[23] H. Xu. Development of a generalized mechanical efficiency prediction methodology for gear pairs[D]. The Ohio State University, 2005.
[24] A. Diez-Ibarbia, A. Fernandez del Rincon, M. Iglesias, et al. Efficiency analysis of spur gears with a shifting profile[J]. Meccanica, 2016, 51(3): 707-723.
[25] CMGG Fernandes, PMT Marques, RC Martins, et al. Influence of gear loss factor on the power loss prediction[J]. Mechanical Sciences, 2015, 6(2): 81-88.
[26] 王峰, 方宗德, 王侃伟. 混合弹流润滑下人字齿轮系统动态啮合效率研究[J]. 振动与冲击, 2014, 33(16): 150-154.
Wang Feng, Fang Zongde, Wang Kanwei. Research on Dynamics Meshing Efficiency of Herringbone Gearsunder Mixed Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Condition [J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2014, 33(16): 150-154.
[27] 邹玉静, 李军英, 常德功. 基于动力学的渐开线圆柱齿轮的啮合效率[J]. 青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 37(01): 77-81.
Zou Yujing, Li Junying, Chang Degong. Meshing Efficiency of Involute Cylindrical Gears Based on Dynamics [J]. Journal of Qingdao University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2016, 37(01): 77-81.
[28] 邹玉静, 常德功. 考虑动载荷和表面粗糙度的渐开线齿轮摩擦因数的研究[J]. 工程设计学报, 2014, 21(03): 285-291.
Zou Yujing, Chang Degong. Study on Friction Coefficient of Involute Gear Considering Dynamic Load and Surface Roughness [J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering Design, 2014, 21(03): 285-291.
[29] 董辉立, 苑士华, 胡纪滨, 等. 考虑摩擦动力学特性的渐开线齿轮润滑分析[J]. 摩擦学学报, 2013, 33(05): 436-442.
Dong Huili, Yuan Shihua, Hu Jibin, et al. Lubrication Analysis of Involute Gear Considering Frictional Dynamics [J]. Tribology, 2013, 33(05): 436-442.
[30] AH DANDEE. Bevel gears in aircraft[J]. Trans. Asme, 1943, 65: 267-277.
[31] 蒋进科, 方宗德, 刘红梅. 行星传动多体齿轮承载接触特性分析[J]. 机械工程学报, 2019, 55(15): 174-182.
Jiang Jinke, Fang Zongde, Liu Hongmei. Analysis of Bearing Contact Characteristics of Multi-body Gear with Planetary Transmission [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2019, 55(15): 174-182.
[32] 贾超, 方宗德. 高速齿轮传递误差和啮入冲击的激励模拟及齿面优化修形[J]. 振动与冲击, 2019, 38(23): 103-109, 138.
Jia Chao, Fang Zongde. Excitation Simulation of High Speed Gear Transmission Error and Gnawing Impact and Tooth Surface Optimization Modification [J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2019, 38(23): 103-109, 138.
[33] 蒋进科, 刘钊, 刘红梅. Ease-off修形准双曲面齿轮齿面动态抗磨设计与分析[J]. 机械工程学报, 2021, 57(19): 155-164.
Jiang Jinke, Liu Zhao, Liu Hongmei. Design and Analysis of Dynamic Wear Resistance on Tooth Surface of Ease-OFF Modified Hypoid Gear [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2021, 57(19): 155-164.
[34] 王羽达. 渐开线圆柱齿轮啮合弹性接触分析及修形研究[D]. 上海: 东华大学, 2021.
Wang Yuda. Research on Meshing Elastic Contact Analysis and Modification of Involute Cylindrical Gear [D]. Shanghai: Donghua University, 2021.
[35] 李学飞, 李纪强, 陈卓,等. 齿轮传动齿面摩擦力研究进展[J]. 机械传动, 2022, 46(4): 1-9.
Li Xuefei, Li Jiqiang, Chen Zhuo, et al. Research Progress on Tooth Surface Friction of Gear Transmission [J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2022, 46(4): 1-9.
[36] H. Xu, A. Kahraman, N.E. Anderson, et al. Prediction of mechanical efficiency of parallel-axis gear pairs[J]. Transactions of the Asme. Journal of Mechanical Design, 2007, 129(1): 58-68.
[37] H. Xu, A. Kahraman. Prediction of friction-related power losses of hypoid gear pairs[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K (Journal of Multi-body Dynamics), 2007, 221(K3): 387-400.
[38] 刘万山, 彭昊, 蔡志钦, 等. 基于弹流润滑状态下的非圆齿轮啮合效率研究[J]. 机械传动, 2021, 45(2): 1-5.
Liu Wanshan, Peng Hao, Cai Zhiqin, et al. Meshing Efficiency of Non-circular Gears Based on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication [J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2021, 45(2): 1-5.
[39] 盛兆华, 唐进元, 陈思雨, 等. 直齿-面齿轮传动啮合效率的计算与分析[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 47(2): 459-466.
Sheng Zhaohua, Tang Jinyuan, Chen Siyu, et al. Calculation and Analysis of Meshing Efficiency of Straight-face Gear Transmission [J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2016, 47(2): 459-466.
[40] 疏奇. 基于有限元法的修形螺旋锥齿轮动态啮合效率研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2020.
Shu Qi. Research on Dynamic Meshing Efficiency of Modified Spiral Bevel Gears Based on Finite Element Method [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2020.
[41] 陈文炜. 计入修形的齿轮动态啮合效率计算方法研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2019.
Chen Wenwei. Research on Calculation Method of Dynamic Meshing Efficiency of Gear with Modification [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019.
[42] CMCG Fernandes, RC Martins, JHO Seabra, et al. Torque loss of type C40 FZG gears lubricated with wind turbine gear oils[J]. Tribology International, 2014, 70: 83-93.
[43] 回春. 机械式变速器传动效率分析与测试研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2016.
Hui Chun. Study on Transmission Efficiency Analysis and Test of Mechanical Transmission [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2016.
[44] Arvid Palmgren. Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering[M]: Ball and Roller Bearing Engineering, 1946.
[45] 角田和雄. 玉軸受の摩擦発生機構-1[J]. 機械の研究, 1962, 14(5): 645-648.
Kazuo Kakuda. Friction generating mechanism of ball bearing -1[J]. Journal of mechanical research, 1962,14(5):645-648.
[46] 角田和雄. 玉軸受の摩擦発生機構-2[J]. 機械の研究, 1962, 14(6): 780-784.
Kazuo Kakuda. Friction generating mechanism of ball bearing -2[J]. Journal of mechanical research, 1962, 14(6): 780-784.
[47] B Snare. Rolling resistance in lightly loaded bearings[J]. Ball Bearing Journal, 1968, (152): 3-8.
[48] T. A. Harris, W. J. Crecelius. Rolling Bearing Analysis[J]. Journal of Lubrication Technology, 1986, 108(1).
[49] M Hammami, R Martins, CMCG Fernandes, et al. Friction torque in rolling bearings lubricated with axle gear oils[J]. Tribology International, 2018, 119: 419-435.
[50] J Liu, ZL Yan, YM Shao, et al. An investigation for the friction torque of a needle roller bearing with the roundness error[J]. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2018, 121: 259-272.
[51] D Talbot, A Kahraman, AW Stilwell, et al. Mechanical power losses of full-complement needle bearings of planetary gear sets: Model and experiments[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C-journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2016, 230(5): 839-855.
[52] 邓四二, 李兴林, 汪久根, 等. 角接触球轴承摩擦力矩特性研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2011, 47(5): 114-120.
Deng Si-er, Li Xinglin, WANG Jiugen, et al. Research on Friction Torque Characteristics of Angular Contact Ball Bearings [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2011, 47(5): 114-120.
[53] 邓四二, 贾群义, 薛进学. 滚动轴承设计原理[M]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2014.
Deng Si-er, Jia Qunyi, Xue Jinxue. Principle of Rolling Bearing Design [M]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2014.
[54] Group SFK. SKF General Catalogue 6000 EN[R], 2005.
[55] CMCG Fernandes, PMT Marques, RC Martins, et al. Gearbox power loss. Part I: Losses in rolling bearings[J]. Tribology International, 2015, 88: 298-308.
[56] CMCG Fernandes, PMP Amaro, RC Martins, et al. Torque loss in cylindrical roller thrust bearings lubricated with wind turbine gear oils at constant temperature[J]. Tribology International, 2013, 67: 72-80.
[57] CMCG Fernandes, PMP Amaro, RC Martins, et al. Torque loss in thrust ball bearings lubricated with wind turbine gear oils at constant temperature[J]. Tribology International, 2013, 66: 194-202.
[58] CMCG Fernandes, RC Martins, JHO Seabra, et al. Friction torque of cylindrical roller thrust bearings lubricated with wind turbine gear oils[J]. Tribology International, 2013, 59: 121-128.
[59] CMCG Fernandes, RC Martins, JHO Seabra, et al. Friction torque of thrust ball bearings lubricated with wind turbine gear oils[J]. Tribology International, 2013, 58: 47-54.
[60] T. Cousseau, B. Graca, A. Campos, et al. Experimental measuring procedure for the friction torque in rolling bearings[J]. Lubrication Science, 2010, 22(4): 133-147.
[61] 姚亮. 轴承对前驱车传动系阻力影响的研究及其优化[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2017.
Yao Liang. Research and Optimization of Bearing Influence on Drive Train Resistance of Front Drive Car [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2017.
[62] 范文健, 孔祥馗, 毛万鑫, 等. 轴承对MT变速器传动效率的影响及优化研究[J]. 机械传动, 2022, 46(7): 113-120.
Fan Wenjian, Kong Xiangkui, Mao Wanxin, et al. Research on the influence and optimization of bearings on the transmission efficiency of MT transmission [J]. Mechanical Transmission, 2022, 46(7): 113-120.
[63] 莫易敏, 徐伟, 胡杰, 等. 轴承游隙对变速器传动效率的影响研究[J]. 机械传动, 2018, 42(10): 53-57.
Mo Yimin, Xu Wei, Hu Jie, et al. Influence of Bearing Clearance on Transmission Efficiency [J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2018, 42(10): 53-57.
[64] 汤春球, 曹甜马, 莫易敏, 等. 轴承游隙对驱动桥传动性能影响的试验探究[J]. 机械传动, 2015, 39(9): 142-145, 150.
Tang Chunqiu, Cao Tianma, Mo Yimin, et al. Experimental Study on Influence of Bearing Clearance on Drive Axle Transmission Performance [J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2015, 39(9): 142-145, 150.
[65] 张鹏程. 液力机械式自动变速器传动效率与整车燃油经济性研究[D]. 太原:中北大学, 2017.
Zhang Pengcheng. Study on Transmission Efficiency and Vehicle Fuel Economy of Hydraulic Mechanical Automatic Transmission [D]. Taiyuan: North University of China, 2017.
[66] TM Hunt. Handbook of wear debris analysis and particle detection in liquids[M]. UK: Elsevier Science.
[67] 贾春林. 微车传动轴传动效率研究及检测分析系统设计[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2013.
Jia Chunlin. Research on Transmission Efficiency and Design of Detection and Analysis System for Micro Car Drive Shaft [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2013.
[68] 汤爱平. 一种等速万向节传动轴传递效率的预测方法[P]. 安徽省:CN114491869A,2022-05-13.
Tang Aiping. A Method for Predicting the Transmission Efficiency of Constant Speed Universal Joint Drive Shaft [P]. Anhui Province: CN114491869A,2022-05-13.
[69] 王熙. 基于传动系统效率的汽车燃油经济性研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2010.
Wang Xi. Research on vehicle fuel economy based on transmission system efficiency [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2010.
[70] 马龙龙. 应变式传动轴功率测试系统设计与研究[D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2011.
Ma Longlong. Design and Research of Strain Type Drive Shaft Power Test System [D]. Taiyuan: North University of China, 2011.
[71] 潘宇. 汽车传动轴总成静动态特性分析[J]. 机械强度, 2017, 39(04): 899-903.
Pan Yu. Analysis of Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Automotive Drive Shaft Assembly [J]. Journal of Mechanical Strength, 2017, 39(04): 899-903.
[72] 刘学良. 汽车自动变速器传动效率试验及评价方法研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2016.
Liu Xueliang. Research on Transmission Efficiency Test and Evaluation Method of Auto Automatic Transmission [D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2016.
[73] 王维, 回春, 汪洋, 等. 基于Romax软件的变速器传动效率仿真分析与试验研究[J]. 机械传动, 2017, 41(10): 178-184.
Wang Wei, Hui Chun, Wang Yang, et al. Simulation Analysis and Experimental Study of Transmission Efficiency Based on Romax Software [J]. Mechanical Transmission, 2017, 41(10): 178-184.
[74] 刘德伟. 某轻型车用变速器传动效率分析计算[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2017.
Liu Dewei. Analysis and Calculation of Transmission Efficiency for a Light Vehicle [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2017.
[75] 李庚. 某微型汽车机械式变速器传动效率分析与研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2017.
Li Geng. Transmission Efficiency Analysis and Research of a Micro Vehicle Mechanical Transmission [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2017.
[76] 赵木青. 准双曲面齿轮副对驱动桥传动效率的影响研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2013.
Zhao Muqing. Research on the Influence of Hypoid Gear Pair on Drive Axle Transmission Efficiency [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2013.
[77] 占锐, 程华国, 李俊, 等. 重型汽车驱动桥传动效率试验台及方法研究[J]. 机械传动, 2017, 41(3): 197-202.
Zhan Rui, Cheng Huaguo, Li Jun, et al. Research on Test Bench and Method of Drive Axle Drive Efficiency for Heavy Duty Vehicles [J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2017, 41(3): 197-202.
[78] 姚哲皓, 刘金, 刘华军, 等. 商用车驱动桥传动效率分析与计算[C]//2021中国汽车工程学会年会论文集(7): 机械工业出版社(CHINA MACHINE PRESS), 2021: 23-28.
Yao Zhehao, Liu Jin, Liu Huajun, et al. Analysis and Calculation of Transmission Efficiency of Commercial Vehicle Drive Axle [C]//2021 Annual Conference Proceedings of CHINA Society of Automotive Engineering (7): CHINA MACHINE PRESS, 2021: 23-28.
[79] 韩悦. 载重车驱动桥主减速器传动效率优化分析[D]. 青岛: 青岛理工大学, 2018.
Han Yue. Optimization Analysis of Transmission Efficiency of Main Reducer of Truck Drive Axle [D]. Qingdao: Qingdao Technological University, 2018.
[80] 戴明灿. 微型汽车传动系统效率试验设计与研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2012.
Dai Mingcan. Experimental Design and Research on Efficiency of Micro Vehicle Transmission System [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2012.
[81] 何平. 重型汽车传动系统关键部件能量特性及节能评价研究[D]. 合肥: 合肥工业大学, 2015.
He Ping. Research on Energy Characteristics and Energy Saving Evaluation of Key Components of Heavy Duty Vehicle Transmission System [D]. Hefei: Hefei University of Technology, 2015.
[82] Msp Rosander, Dig Bednarek, MSS Seetharaman, et al. Development of an efficiency model for manual transmissions[J]. Atz Worldwide, 2008, 110(4): 36-43.
[83] 陈柯序, 李海波, 赵小娟, 等. 基于BP神经网络的纯电动汽车动力传动系统效率建模及分析[J]. 机械设计与研究, 2021, 37(5): 180-185.
Chen Kexu, Li Haibo, Zhao Xiaojuan, et al. Modeling and Analysis of Drivetrain Efficiency of Pure Electric Vehicle Based on BP Neural Network [J]. Machinery Design and Research, 2021, 37(5): 180-185.
[84] E. Wildhaber. Basic Relationship of Hypoid Gear[J]. American Machinist, 1946.
[85] 莫易敏, 田蜜. 微型汽车传动系统功率损失建模计算[J]. 机械传动, 2013, 37(2): 47-49, 65.
Mo Yimin, Tian Mi. Modeling and Calculation of Power Loss in Micro Vehicle Transmission System [J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2013, 37(2): 47-49, 65.
[86] 唐进元, 彭方进. 准双曲面齿轮动态啮合性能的有限元分析研究[J]. 振动与冲击, 2011, 30(7): 101-106.
Tang Jinyuan, Peng Fangjin. Finite Element Analysis of Dynamic Meshing Performance of hypoid Gears [J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2011, 30(7): 101-106.
[87] 刘耀东, 陈凯, 华晓波, 等. 考虑弹流润滑作用的斜齿轮啮合分析方法研究[J]. 计算力学学报, 2015, 32(6): 838-844.
Liu Yaodong, Chen Kai, Hua Xiaobo, et al. Study on Meshing Analysis Method of helical Gear Considering Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication [J]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2015, 32(6): 838-844.
[88] 张林, 周建星, 章翔峰,等. 风电齿轮传动系统弹流润滑特性研究[J]. 太阳能学报, 2022, 43(7): 385-394.
Zhang Lin, Zhou Jianxin, Zhang Xiangfeng, et al. Research on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Characteristics of Wind Turbine Gear Transmission System [J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2022, 43(7): 385-394.
[89] RC Martins, NFR Cardoso, H Bock, et al. Power loss performance of high pressure nitrided steel gears[J]. Tribology International, 2009, 42(11): 1807-1815.
[90] F. Pouly, C. Changenet, F. Ville, et al. Power Loss Predictions in High-Speed Rolling Element Bearings Using Thermal Networks[J]. Tribology Transactions, 2010, 53(6): 957-967.
[91] 向超. 基于热网络法的电动车高速差减齿轮箱热平衡分析[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2018.
Xiang Chao. Thermal Balance Analysis of High-speed Differential Reduction Gear Box for Electric Vehicle Based on Thermal Network Method [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2018.
[92] 王翔, 朱波, 姚明尧, 等. 基于移动粒子半隐式法(MPS)电动汽车减速器最佳润滑油量分析[J]. 机械传动, 2020, 44(11): 112-120.
Wang Xiang, Zhu Bo, Yao Mingyao, et al. Optimal Lubricating Oil Quantity Analysis of Electric Vehicle Reducer Based on Moving Particle Semi-implicit Method (MPS) [J]. Mechanical Transmission, 2020, 44(11): 112-120.
[93] 阮登芳, 刘波, 陈志约, 等. 重型汽车变速器润滑系统热平衡仿真与实验[J]. 中国机械工程, 2011, 22(10): 1242-1246.
Ruan Dengfang, Liu Bo, Chen Zhiyue, et al. Simulation and Experiment on Thermal Balance of Heavy Duty Vehicle Transmission Lubrication System. China Mechanical Engineering, 2011, 22(10): 1242-1246.
[94] 宋勇. 某双离合自动变速器产热与传热仿真建模与分析[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2019.
Song Yong. Simulation Modeling and Analysis of Heat Generation and Heat Transfer of a Dual Clutch Automatic Transmission [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2019.
[95] 包英豪. 纯电动汽车两挡变速箱噪声与效率分析及参数优化[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2020.
Bao Yinghao. Noise and Efficiency Analysis and Parameter Optimization of Two-gear Transmission of Pure Electric Vehicle [D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2020.
[96] C. Pelchen, C. Schweiger, M. Otter. Modeling and Simulating the Efficiency of Gearboxes and of Planetary Gearboxes[C]// 2nd International Modelica Conference.2002.
[97] C Schlegel, A Hösl, S Diel. Detailed loss modelling of vehicle gearboxes[C]//Proceedings of the 7th International Modelica Conference; Como; Italy; 20-22 September 2009: Citeseer, 2009: 434-443.
[98] 王扬武, 崔东伟, 张书光, 等. 关于汽车变速器NEDC工况综合效率的仿真计算[C]//第十七届河南省汽车工程科技学术研讨会, 2020: 145-147.
Wang Yangwu, Cui Dongwei, Zhang Shuguang, et al. Simulation and Calculation of Comprehensive Efficiency of Automotive Transmission under NEDC Working Conditions [C]// 17th Henan Automotive Engineering Science and Technology Symposium, 20205:145-147.
[99] GB/T 27840-2021. 重型商用车辆燃料消耗量测量方法[S]. 国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会, 2021.
GB/T 27840-2021. Measurement method of fuel consumption of heavy commercial vehicles [S]. State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration, 2021.
[100] GB/T 38146.2-2019. 中国汽车行驶工况 第2部分:重型商用车辆 [S]. 国家市场监督管理总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会, 2019.
GB/T 38146.2-2019. Chinese motor vehicles - Driving conditions - Part 2: Heavy commercial vehicles [S]. State Administration for Market Regulation, Standardization Administration of China, 2019.
[101] 熊迪, 田韶鹏. 机械式变速器传动效率试验台架设计[J]. 机械传动, 2014, 38(04): 48-52.
Xiong Di, Tian Shaopeng. Design of Transmission Efficiency Test Bench for Mechanical Transmission [J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2014, 38(04): 48-52.
[102] 郑钰馨, 奚鹰, 袁浪, 等. RV减速器动力性能综合检测试验平台设计[J]. 中国工程机械学报, 2017, 15(06): 536-541.
Zheng Yuxin, Xi Ying, Yuan Lang, et al. Design of comprehensive testing platform for power performance of RV reducer[J]. Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2017, 15(06): 536-541.
[103] 《汽车工程手册》委员会. 汽车工程手册.试验篇[M]. 北京:人民交通出版社, 2001.
Automotive Engineering Manual Committee. Automotive Engineering Manual. Test Article [M]. Beijing: People's Communications Publishing House, 2001.
[104] 郭应时, 袁伟. 汽车试验学. 3版[M]. 北京: 人民交通出版社, 2022.
Guo Yingshi, Yuan Wei. Automotive Experiments. 3rd Ed. [M]. Beijing: People's Communications Press, 2022.
[105] QC/T 29082-2019. 汽车传动轴总成技术条件及台架试验方法[S]. 全国汽车标准化技术委员会, 2019
QC/T 29082-2019. Automotive Drive Shaft Assembly Technical conditions and bench test method [S]. National Technical Committee on Automobile Standardization, 2019
[106] QC/T 568.4-2011. 汽车机械式变速器总成台架试验方法 第4部分: 重型[S]. 全国汽车标准化技术委员会, 2011.
QC/T 568.4-2011. Automotive mechanical transmission assemblies - Bench test methods - Part 4: Heavy duty [S]. National Technical Committee on Automobile Standardization, 2011.
[107] GB/T 18276-2000. 汽车动力性台架试验方法和评价指标 [S]. 中华人民共和国交通运输部, 中国国家标准化管理委员会, 2000.
GB/T 18276-2000. Bench test method and evaluation index of automotive dynamic performance [S]. Ministry of Transport, PRC, Standardization Administration of China, 2000.
[108] QC/T 293-2019. 汽车半轴技术条件和台架试验方法 [S]. 全国汽车标准化技术委员会, 2019.
QC/T 293-2019. Technical Conditions and Bench test Methods for Automobile Half Axles [S]. National Technical Committee on Automobile Standardization, 2019.
[109] QC/T 533-1999, 汽车驱动桥台架试验方法[S]. 全国汽车标准化技术委员会, 1999.
QC/T 533-1999, Bench Test Method for Automobile Drive Axle [S]. National Technical Committee on Automobile Standardization, 1999.
[110] QC/T 533-1999, 汽车驱动桥台架试验评价指标[S]. 全国汽车标准化技术委员会, 1999.
QC/T 533-1999, Evaluation Index of Automobile Drive Axle Bench Test [S]. National Technical Committee on Automobile Standardization, 1999.
[111] 赵玮, 王强, 李艳峰, 等. 基于底盘测功机的轮式工程机械底盘动力性能测试[J]. 中国工程机械学报, 2011, 9(3): 347-350.
Zhao Wei, Wang Qiang, Li Yanfeng, et al. Dynamic Performance Test of Wheeled Construction Machinery Chassis Based on Chassis Dynamometer. China Journal of Engineering Machinery, 2011, 9(3): 347-350.
[112] 赵玮, 王强, 何晓晖. 基于测功机的工程机械底盘动力性能实验误差分析与方法研究[J].中国测试, 2019, 45(05): 151-156.
Zhao Wei, Wang Qiang, He Xiaohui. Experimental Error Analysis and Method Research on Dynamic Performance of Construction Machinery Chassis Based on Dynamometer [J]. Chinese Journal of Testing and Testing, 2019, 45(05): 151-156.
[113] 毕朋飞. 基于单滚筒底盘测功机的汽车传动效率测试方法研究[D]. 南昌: 华东交通大学, 2016.
Bi Pengfei. Research on Vehicle Transmission Efficiency Test Method Based on Single Drum Chassis Dynamometer [D]. Nanchang: East China Jiaotong University, 2016.
[114] 陈德鑫, 石兴磊, 杨启, 等. 重型车变速器传动效率的规律及评价方法[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2016, 7(4): 433-441.
Chen Dexin, Shi Xinglei, Yang Qi, et al. Law and Evaluation Method of Transmission Efficiency of Heavy Duty Vehicle Transmission [J]. Automobile Safety and Energy Saving Journal, 2016, 7(4): 433-441.
[115] 章德平, 阳学进. 机械式汽车变速器传动效率的试验研究[J]. 机械传动, 2017, 41(9): 139-143, 154.
Zhang Deping, Yang Xuejin. Experimental Study on Transmission Efficiency of Mechanical Vehicle Transmission [J]. Journal of Mechanical Transmission, 2017, 41(9): 139-143, 154.
[116] CMGG Fernandes, A H Battez, R González, et al. Torque loss and wear of FZG gears lubricated with wind turbine gear oils using an ionic liquid as additive[J]. Tribology International, 2015, 90: 306-314.
[117] W. Peterson, T. Russell, F. Sadeghi, et al. Experimental and analytical investigation of fluid drag losses in rolling element bearings[J]. Tribology International, 2021, 161: 107106.
[118] 章德平, 莫易敏, 高勇, 等. 微型汽车驱动桥传动效率的试验研究[J]. 广西大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 44(3): 613-620.
Zhang Deping, Mo Yimin, Gao Yong, et al. Experimental Study on Transmission Efficiency of Mini-Vehicle Drive Axle [J]. Journal of Guangxi University (Natural Science Edition), 2019, 44(3): 613-620.
[119] 王迪, 夏海纯, 倪德, 等. 直升机主减速器传动效率试验方法[J]. 航空动力学报, 2020, 35(12): 2673-2680.
Wang Di, Xia Haichun, Ni De, et al. Test Method for Transmission Efficiency of Helicopter Main Reducer [J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2020, 35(12): 2673-2680.
[120] AM MITCHELL, FB OSWALD, HH COE. Testing of UH-60 A helicopter transmission in NASA Lewis 2240-kW (3000-hp ) facility [R]. nasa-tp-2626, 1986.
[121] 柯军. 汽车自动变速器可靠性试验规范的研究[D]. 上海: 上海交通大学, 2007.
Ke Jun. Research on Reliability Test Specification of Auto Automatic Transmission [D]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2007.
[122] 章骏. IVECO越野汽车动力传动系统动态特性的试验研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2003.
Zhang Jun. Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Power Transmission System of IVECO Off-road Vehicle [D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2003.
[123] 丁小辉. 汽车传动系统动态载荷谱研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆理工大学, 2013.
Ding Xiaohui. Research on Dynamic Load Spectrum of Automobile Transmission System [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University of Technology, 2013.
[124] 郭淑清. 汽车检测与诊断[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2021.
Guo Shuqing. Automobile Detection and Diagnosis [M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2021.
[125] 万利. 重型商用车机械式自动变速器道路试验方法研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2014.
Wan Li. Research on Road Test Method of Mechanical Automatic Transmission for Heavy Commercial Vehicle [D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2014.
[126] 余志生. 汽车理论.5版[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2009.
Yu Zhisheng. Automobile Theory. 5th Ed. [M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2009.
[127] 曹甜马. NEDC工况下的前驱车型整车能耗测试与研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2016.
Cao Tianma. Vehicle Energy Consumption Test and Research of front-drive Vehicle under NEDC [D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2016.