露天矿抛掷爆破技术发展现状及应用前景

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振动与冲击 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (13) : 64-78.

冲击与爆炸

露天矿抛掷爆破技术发展现状及应用前景

张曌，张瑞新*，付士根，付搏涛，王有湃

作者信息 +

Development status and application prospects of open-pit mine cast blasting technology

ZHANG Zhao, ZHANG Ruixin*, FU Shigen, FU Botao, WANG Youpai

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

抛掷爆破因工程规模大、效率高，且在一定程度上可以节约采剥生产成本，所以备受美国、澳大利亚等发达国家露天开采行业的青睐。通过对国内外露天矿山抛掷爆破技术发展历程的梳理与分析，明确了抛掷爆破技术的生产特点。从强可控、弱可控以及不可控等层面分析了在露天煤矿生产过程中影响抛掷爆破质量的指标因素，并剖析了抛掷爆破技术在露天开采环节中的适用性条件。基于平面药包法理论和爆破地震效应理论，对抛掷爆破技术的岩石爆破机理进行了深入分析，明确了炸药起爆后岩石抛掷的四个阶段和岩层内部演化特征，同时分析并总结了抛掷爆破技术的地震响应特征。以黑岱沟露天矿为案例，对抛掷爆破技术的应用现状进行了详细阐述，系统化剖析了抛掷爆破技术应用的作业流程，解析了抛掷爆破-拉斗铲无运输倒堆工艺的内部结构和运行机制，并对当前抛掷爆破技术应用存在的瓶颈问题进行了分析和凝练。针对抛掷爆破技术的智能化改造升级问题，分别就地质信息透明化、爆破设计智能化、爆破施工精细化、安全管理信息化、爆破效果精准化等抛掷爆破全系统流程进行了分析和凝练，从学科支撑、技术支撑以及待解决问题等多层面，构建了抛掷爆破技术知识体系及智能化系统架构，提出了未来抛掷爆破技术的研究趋势，并对抛掷爆破技术在国内外其他露天矿的应用和推广进行了适用性分析，研究结果可为其他行业爆破工程技术的升级和改造提供参考和依据。

Abstract

Because of the large scale of the project, high efficiency, and to a certain extent can save the production cost of mining and stripping, cast blasting has been favored by the open pit mining industry in the United States, Australia and other developed countries. By combing and analyzing the development history of cast blasting technology in open-pit mines at home and abroad, the production characteristics of cast blasting technology are defined. The factors influencing the blasting quality in open-pit coal mine are analyzed from the aspects of strong controllable, weak controllable and uncontrollable, and the applicability conditions of the cast blasting technology in open-pit mining are also analyzed. Based on the theory of plane charge method and blasting seismic effect, the rock blasting mechanism of blasting technology is deeply analyzed, the four stages of rock throwing after explosive initiation and the evolution characteristics of rock strata are defined, and the seismic response characteristics of blasting technology are analyzed and summarized. Taking Heidaigou open-pit mine as an example, the application status of cast blasting technology is described in detail, the operation flow of cast blasting technology application is systematically analyzed, the internal structure and operation mechanism of cast blasting and dragline stripping technology is analyzed, and the bottleneck problems existing in the application of cast blasting technology are analyzed and summarized. Aiming at the intelligent transformation and upgrading of projectile blasting technology, the whole system process of cast blasting engineering, such as transparent geological information, intelligent blasting design, fine blasting construction, informatization of safety management, and precision blasting effect, is analyzed and refined respectively, from the aspects of disciplinary support, technical support and problems to be solved. The knowledge system and intelligent system architecture of cast blasting technology are constructed, the research trend of cast blasting technology in the future is proposed, and the applicability of cast blasting technology in other open-pit coal mines in china is analyzed. The research results can provide reference and basis for the upgrading and transformation of blasting engineering technology in other industries.

导出引用

张曌, 张瑞新, 付士根, 付搏涛, 王有湃. 露天矿抛掷爆破技术发展现状及应用前景[J]. 振动与冲击, 2025, 44(13): 64-78

ZHANG Zhao, ZHANG Ruixin, FU Shigen, FU Botao, WANG Youpai. Development status and application prospects of open-pit mine cast blasting technology[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock, 2025, 44(13): 64-78

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