To investigate the mechanical properties and damage evolution mechanisms of limestone under cyclic loading, a series of laboratory experiments, theoretical analyses, and numerical simulations were conducted. Initially, single and constant-amplitude cyclic impact tests on limestone were performed using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus. Based on the Weibull damage theory, a dynamic load-induced damage evolution model was developed. Additionally, numerical simulations of cyclic blasting on limestone were carried out using ANSYS/LSDYNA. The results indicate that, under a single impact, an increase in impact pressure leads to an elevation in peak stress and yield strain of the limestone. Under cyclic impacts, as the impact pressure rises from 0.15 MPa to 0.30 MPa, the number of impacts required to fracture the specimens decreases gradually, from 13 to 3. With an increasing number of impacts, the yield strain of the specimens increases, while the elastic modulus and peak stress decrease, ultimately leading to failure when the cumulative damage approaches unity. As the number of blasting events increases, the crushing zone around the blast holes in the model expands, the main cracks continue to propagate, and damage accumulates. The damage variable defined in this study achieves a comprehensive and unified description of the entire process of cumulative damage evolution under cyclic impact loading. The rock damage expression established under blasting loads effectively reveals the distribution characteristics of rock damage during a single blasting event, aligning with the theoretical framework of engineering blasting and providing valuable insights for engineering blasting operations.