28 May 2026, Volume 45 Issue 10
    

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    VIBRATION THEORY AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
  • Nonlinear transient hydrodynamic lubrication element for the sealing performance analysis of reciprocating seals
    XU Minglang, WANG Yajing, QU Guangzhong, ZHOU Zhenhuan, XU Xinsheng
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 1-8.
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Reciprocating seals are key components in modern industrial systems, and are widely used in aerospace, automotive engineering, and other fields.During the reciprocating motion of the piston rod, significant transient fluid-structure coupling effects occur at the sealing interface.When dealing with this problem, in existing numerical methods, the hydrodynamic lubrication and micro-asperity contact interaction are generally separately solved within each time step.Subsequently, an influence coefficient matrix, constructed from extensive pre-executed finite element analyses, is employed to update the deformation of the fluid-structure interaction interface and the film thickness.After multiple fluid-structure interaction iterations, the transient sealing performance is obtained.Consequently, it results in an intensive computational process with low efficiency. To overcome these limitations, a novel nonlinear transient hydrodynamic lubrication element was proposed for the efficient prediction of transient sealing performance.By introducing this element at the fluid-structure interface, the coupling relationship between the hydrodynamic lubrication and structural deformation could be directly established.After assembling the solid elements with the nonlinear transient hydrodynamic lubrication element, a monolithic finite element formulation was obtained.A Y-type seal was used as a numerical example, and its sealing performance and lubrication characteristics under transient operating conditions were investigated.The results demonstrate that, the proposed method substantially improves computational efficiency compared to the traditional method; for example, at 5 MPa, the efficiency increases by 97.7%.Furthermore, it effectively captures transient lubrication effects, asperity contact, and fluid cavitation behavior during seal operation, providing an efficient numerical method for predicting the transient performance of reciprocating seals.
  • Optimal design and performance analysis of bulb tubular pump guide vanes based on NSGA-Ⅱ
    SUN Zhuangzhuang1, ZHU Yadong1, 2, CHEN Jiaqi3, WANG Mengcheng3, L Ning1, CHEN Songshan3
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 9-19.
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    To improve the overall operational efficiency of a bulb tubular pump, in the study, a large bulb tubular pump unit with a high specific speed was focused on and the multi-condition optimization design for its guide vane(GV) was proposed.An improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) was employed to optimize the blade profile parameters of the GV, with the objectives of enhancing the circulation recovery capability of the GV under design flow conditions and reducing the total pressure loss of the GV under high flow conditions.The influence of circumferential bending on the GV performance was also investigated.The results indicate that reducing the blade pitch angle, increasing the blade camber, and applying positive bending to the GV are beneficial for suppressing flow separation at the trailing edge and corner region of the GV backside under design flow conditions, thereby improving the performance of the GV under the conditions.Conversely, increasing the blade pitch angle, decreasing the blade camber, and applying negative bending to the GV help suppress flow separation at the leading edge of the GV working face, thus enhancing the performance of the GV under high flow conditions.Based on the optimization results, the pump device efficiency is improved by 0.6, 1.8, and 1.6 percentage points at 0.9, 1.0, and 1.2 times the design flow rate, respectively, effectively broadening the high-efficiency operating range of the pump device.The research findings provide references for the optimization design of similar rotating machinery blades.
  • Modal tracking method for the flutter analysis based on the modal assurance criterion
    XIE Changchuan1, 2, ZHENG Mingzhi1, MENG Yang3
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 20-28.
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    To address the parameter mismatch issue caused by mode crossing in the flutter analysis, an EC-MAC method that integrates the eigenvalue continuity (EC) and the modal assurance criterion (MAC) was proposed, and an improved sorting algorithm was introduced to enhance the tracking performance.The research results show that the EC-MAC maintains comparable computational efficiency with that of the MAC while significantly improving the accuracy of mode tracking compared to the single EC or MAC methods, effectively solving the mode crossing problem.The proposed improved sorting algorithm also simultaneously enhances the performance of the basic EC and MAC methods.Additionally, the EC-MAC method is computationally simple, and the required data can be directly obtained from the standard output of the commercial finite element software, for example, the Nastran, greatly enhancing the engineering practicality and applicability of the method.
  • Research on the modeling and quality optimization design of linkage mechanisms considering clearance wear
    LI Ling1, 2, FENG Xiyu1, 2, LI Yao1, 2, LIU Yang1, 2
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 29-39.
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    The linkage mechanism in a gearbox is influenced by gaps and wear during operation, which can lead to complex dynamic behaviors, thus reducing system performance and stability. First, a rotational pair model considering friction gaps is established based on the L-N model and an improved Coulomb friction theory. Then, a dynamic model of the rotational pair with gap wear is developed using the Archard wear model. Finally, based on the response surface method, the component mass is selected as the design variable, and an adaptive mutation genetic algorithm combined with boundary local expansion sampling strategy is employed to obtain the Pareto optimal solution set for contact force and slider acceleration error. The results show that the proposed method effectively improves force output characteristics and acceleration response performance, making the acceleration curve smoother and significantly reducing contact force fluctuations. A comparison before and after optimization verifies the effectiveness of the proposed multi-objective optimization method in enhancing the gearbox's dynamic performance and operational stability.
  • Magnetoelastic natural vibration of micro-sized conductive thin plates based on modified strain gradient theory
    CHEN Sihua1, 2, HU Yuda1, 2
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 40-49.
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    Based on the modified strain gradient theory (MSGT), the natural vibration of conductive rectangular microplates under transverse and longitudinal magnetic fields was studied. A mechanical model was established using Kirchhoff plate theory; MSGT was used to describe the size effect, and the Lorentz force generated by eddy currents was calculated using Maxwell electromagnetic theory. Under Hamilton's principle, the size-dependent dynamic equations of magnetoelastic coupling were established. The governing equations were discretized in time and space by the Galerkin method, and the frequency of the system was obtained analytically through the state space method. The results show that MSGT can more accurately describe the dynamic behavior of the microplate than the modified couple stress theory and the classical theory; when the plate thickness approaches the material scale parameter or the plate shape approaches square, the frequency increases significantly; the longitudinal magnetic field affects frequency more obviously than the transverse magnetic field.
  • Performance improvement of all-terrain vehicles based on the variable stiffness distribution of nonlinear suspension systems
    SONG Yong, WANG Zhongyin, LI Zhanlong, QIN Yuan, WANG Yao, JI Shaoxiong
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 50-58.
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    This article aims at the problem of poor vehicle performance of traditional crawler-type all-terrain vehicles due to improper matching of suspension system stiffness characteristics and equal stiffness distribution. This paper proposes ideas and methods to improve the comfort and the stability of the vehicle based on suspension stiffness optimization and variable stiffness distribution of the suspension system. Focusing on problem of unreasonable distribution of stiffness intervals and uneven transition in the three-stage nonlinear stiffness characteristics of torsional shock absorber suspension, a dynamic model of single load wheel suspension is established, and the suspension stiffness characteristics are optimized with the goal of minimizing the root mean square of vertical acceleration of the vehicle body. The suspension stiffness characteristics with smooth transition and good comfort in the stiffness interval are obtained; On this basis, a suspension variable stiffness distribution with decreasing stiffness from inside to outside is proposed, and a performance simulation model for all terrain vehicles is built under random road surfaces and various stiffness decreasing ratios (0, 5%, 10%). After calculation, it was found that the entire vehicle shows good comfort and stability under different operating conditions, especially with better performance under high-speed conditions; Changing the stiffness distribution of the suspension system can improve the overall performance of the vehicle, and relatively speaking, a vehicle with a stiffness reduction ratio of 10% has better performance. The above results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed performance improvement ideas and methods for all terrain vehicles.
  • Dynamic characteristics of a gear-rack meshing system in rack vehicles under mountain wind loads
    HEN Zhaowei1, WANG Feng1, CHEN Zaigang2, CHEN Zhihui3, YANG Jizhong3
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 59-70.
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    To investigate the dynamic behavior of the gear–rack meshing system in rack vehicles under pulsating wind loads in mountainous areas, a detailed gear–rack meshing model was developed based on gear dynamics theory. Time-varying meshing stiffness, gear backlash, and track irregularities were fully considered. On this basis, a coupled dynamic model of the rack vehicle–track (rack) system was established using vehicle–track interaction theory. A pulsating wind speed field was simulated via the harmonic superposition method based on the theory of one-dimensional multivariate non-stationary stochastic processes and introduced as external excitation into the dynamic model. The influence of wind speed variations over time and height on the meshing dynamics was analyzed. The effects of different wind speeds and gradients on meshing vibration characteristics and stability were investigated, revealing the influence mechanisms of wind and gradient on the dynamic performance of the gear–rack system. Results show that pulsating wind loads significantly amplify meshing vibrations, primarily inducing low-frequency responses around 3 Hz. Regarding the working conditions studied in this article，compared with no-wind conditions, peak lateral and vertical gear vibration acceleration increased by 141% and 68%, respectively. Gradient variations led to increases of 46% in lateral meshing force and 62% in lateral acceleration, while wind speed changes caused average increases of 27% and 22.4% in transverse and vertical acceleration, respectively.
  • Optimization of the vibration suppression trajectory at the end of a telescopic robotic arm based on the dynamically adapted particle swarm optimization with a differential evolution algorithm
    CHEN Renxiang1, CHEN Liwei1, QIN Yi2, WEN Renguang3, XIA Liang1, HU Yang1
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 71-81.
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    To address end-effector vibrations in telescopic robotic arms induced by joint flexibility and time-varying structural parameter coupling during operation, this paper proposes a vibration-suppressing trajectory optimization method based on a Dynamically Adapted Particle Swarm Optimization with Differential Evolution (DAPSO-DE) algorithm. Firstly, the kinematics model is established using the modified D-H method. An equivalent dynamics model incorporating joint flexibility quantifies the disturbance effect of joint elastic deformation on the end trajectory, determining the flexible joint's end motion path. Secondly, to overcome limitations of traditional PSO (fixed parameters causing weak global search and premature convergence), the DAPSO-DE algorithm is designed. It features nonlinear inertia weights, adaptive learning factors, and integrates DE mutation/crossover to enhance population diversity for finding the optimal vibration-suppressing trajectory. Finally, system differential equations incorporating trajectory parameters are solved. The DAPSO-DE optimizes a position-error objective function. Simulation and comparative results demonstrate significantly reduced end-effector displacement fluctuations after optimization, verifying the method's effectiveness in improving trajectory tracking and suppressing time-varying coupled vibrations.
  • Experimental study on the effect of wall elasticity on tank sloshing loads
    JIAO Jialong, JIANG Mengyun
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 82-93.
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    This paper uses five different wall thicknesses of elastic liquid tanks and conducts tank oscillation tests using a vibration platform to study the influence of elastic tank walls on the evolution of free surfaces, structural stress, and flow field pressure during tank oscillation. Firstly, the influence of different oscillation frequencies under three different liquid loading rates on tank oscillation was studied, with a focus on analyzing the oscillation phenomenon and load conditions during tank oscillation at resonance frequencies. Then, the influence of five different wall thicknesses of cabin wall elasticity on tank sloshing was studied. The results indicate that under severe oscillation loads, there are significant harmonic responses in the structural stress and fluid pressure on the elastic bulkhead. The elasticity of the cabin wall has a relatively small effect on the free liquid surface and fluid pressure in the oscillating flow field, but has a significant impact on the structural stress of the cabin wall.
  • Wind load characteristics and evaluation model of a slope photovoltaic array
    CHEN Zebing1, LI Tian2, WANG Yang2, QIAN Linfei1, LIU Zhuolin2, YANG Qingshan2
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 94-106.
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    To elucidate the wind load characteristics of slope-mounted photovoltaic (PV) arrays and enhance evaluation accuracy, this study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to systematically examine the effects of panel tilt angle, slope angle, and installation position on wind load distribution, and the underlying mechanisms are interpreted through flow field visualization. Building on these insights, a wind load calculation model for single-row slope-mounted PV panels is developed. By introducing an array interference factor to account for the attenuation of inter-row interference induced by the slope, a wind load calculation model for slope-mounted PV arrays is further established. The results reveal that wind loads on slope-mounted arrays are jointly affected by upstream shielding and terrain amplification, with shape coefficients gradually increasing beyond the second row. Unlike flat-ground arrays, where downstream panels typically reside within a wake-induced stall region, slope-mounted arrays experience an incoming flow that intersects the array plane obliquely. After the upstream row weakens the on-plane velocity, momentum replenishment from outside the array plane restores and even enhances the wind velocity, causing the wind loads on downstream rows to increase and potentially exceed those of the upstream row. These findings demonstrate that conventional wind load framework based on flat-ground PV arrays is inadequate for slope-mounted configurations. Compared to the method recommended in NB/T 10115‑2018, the proposed model reduces mean error by approximately 26% across multiple operating conditions, significantly improving evaluation accuracy. 
  • Optimal design of submersible pumps based on deep learning and enhanced Bayesian optimization
    ZHU Hong1, DAI Shenghui1, YANG Jin1, SONG Yu1, GU Yue2, LI Jiahao1
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 107-117.
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    To enhance the hydraulic performance of submersible pumps in liquefied natural gas (LNG) transport systems, an optimization method integrating parametric modeling, deep learning, and multi-core Bayesian optimization is proposed. Firstly, a parametric model of the impeller and inducer is constructed using Bézier curves, with seven key geometric parameters identified. Steady-state computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed to obtain multiple sets of performance data, including head and efficiency. Secondly, a surrogate model is established in the high-dimensional design space using a deep learning framework embedded with an attention mechanism. Based on this model, a multi-objective Bayesian optimization framework with an improved Gaussian process is applied to generate the Pareto front and extract the global optimum. The results show that the comprehensive optimization of this method reaches 15.42%, effectively improving the velocity field and pressure distribution within the impeller channel, significantly reducing the turbulent kinetic energy and flow loss. After optimization, the submersible pump exhibits higher hydraulic performance over the entire flow range. This verifies the engineering feasibility of this method in the design of high-dimensional complex fluid systems, providing guidance for the optimization design of low-temperature and high-efficiency submersible pumps.
  • Electromechanical coupling dynamics modeling and dynamic characteristic analysis of a RV reducer
    HAN Zhenhua1, WANG Guobing1, SHI Wankai2, XU Lang2, XU Qinbao1, ZHU Shitao3
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 118-133.
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    The RV reducer electromechanical coupling system, as the core transmission component of a robot joint, exhibits complex dynamic characteristics due to the coupling of nonlinear mechanical excitation and electromagnetic excitation through the input shaft. These characteristics directly affect the operational stability, vibration noise, and motion accuracy of industrial robots. To analyze the dynamic characteristics of the RV reducer electromechanical coupling system, a comprehensive model is developed that incorporates motor electromagnetic torque, speed fluctuations, and nonlinear time-varying factors such as meshing stiffness, damping, and backlash induced by gear meshing. The model is formulated using the lumped mass method and d-q axis coordinate transformation, and the resulting differential equations are solved via the Runge-Kutta method. Under steady-state conditions, the time-domain vibration characteristics and frequency components of the electromechanical coupling system, as well as the spectral characteristics of the motor current and electromagnetic torque, are analyzed. Under run-up conditions, the vibration responses of the motor rotor, planetary gear, and cycloid gear are analyzed during acceleration, and the main excitation frequencies and resonance speeds are identified. The results indicate that the electromechanical coupling effect of the RV reducer significantly increases the amplitude of the components inside the system, produces modulation frequencies, and causes an impact effect on the sun gear during the startup phase. The meshing frequencies of the planetary gear pair and cycloidal pin wheel pair, as well as their modulation with the base frequency of the motor current, are present in the electromagnetic torque and current. When the speed reaches 902 r/min, 1254 r/min, and 1880 r/min, the system meshing frequency coincides with the natural frequency, resulting in a sharp increase in vibration displacement and acceleration amplitude, leading to resonance. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the vibration state prediction, vibration and noise suppression, and high-precision control of the RV reducer electromechanical coupling system for robotic joints.
  • Ultimate compressive loads and failure control mode determination method for dynamic submarine cables
    ZHAO Xinrui, SU Kai, ZHU Hongze
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 134-146.
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    Dynamic submarine cables are key components for power transmission in floating offshore wind platforms. Due to platform motions and environmental loads, the touchdown zone of dynamic submarine cables is often subjected to axial compressive loads. Under extreme axial compression, the cable may experience lateral, radial, or strength failure. To address the issue that existing methods for calculating ultimate compressive loads are not comprehensive and lack failure mode determination, this paper presents a comprehensive study. First, based on the axial mechanical analysis model of dynamic submarine cables and employing the third and fourth strength theories as criteria, calculation methods for the ultimate compressive loads corresponding to radial and strength failures are proposed and validated. Second, by combining the existing calculation method for the ultimate compressive load under lateral failure, the three ultimate loads are compared and analyzed to determine the dominant failure mode of dynamic submarine cables under axial compression. Finally, a failure mode determination method based on the characteristics of the boundary between failure control modes is proposed and validated. The results show that the proposed ultimate compressive load calculation methods exhibit high accuracy and applicability, making them suitable for evaluating the axial load-bearing capacity of dynamic submarine cables. Among the three failure modes, lateral and radial failures are more likely to be the controlling modes for dynamic submarine cables, rather than strength failure. Moreover, the proposed failure control mode determination method enables fast and accurate identification of the failure mode without the need to calculate the ultimate compressive load, providing valuable guidance for the structural design and safety assessment of dynamic submarine cables.
    • SHOCK AND EXPLOSION
  • Damage characteristics of full-scale stiffened plates under close-range air blast loads
    WANG Heng1, LI Yinggang2, PAN Ziyang2, CHENG Wei1, 3, GU Zhenzhong1, YANG Kai1
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 147-153.
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    To investigate the damage characteristics of full-scale stiffened panels under close-range explosion loads, this study employed the nonlinear dynamic finite element software ANSYS/AUTODYN to develop a finite element model for simulating blast impact on stiffened panels. To study the damage characteristics of full-scale stiffened plate frames under close-range explosion loads, this paper established a finite element model of the explosion impact on the stiffened plate frame using the nonlinear dynamic finite element software ANSYS/AUTODYN. The transmission characteristics of the explosion shock wave in the air domain, the peak shock wave pressure, the dynamic response process of the stiffened plate frame, and the displacement at the midpoint of the plate frame panel were obtained. Explosion tests were also conducted for verification. The research results show that the explosion distance is a key parameter affecting the damage level: as the explosion distance decreases, the plate frame successively presents three typical damage modes, namely, shear failure and tensile failure of the panel, shear failure of the plate grid, and large plastic deformation of the panel. The stiffening form has an important regulatory effect on the damage range. Among them, the cross-stiffened plate frame can effectively limit the damage expansion by optimizing the stiffness distribution, while the single-stiffened plate frame is more prone to overall failure due to uneven stiffness distribution. The study reveals that the destruction essence of the stiffened plate frame under explosion loads is a dynamic competition process between the structural stiffness distribution and the conversion of impact energy. The relevant conclusions provide important theoretical support for the anti-explosion design and safety assessment of ship structures.
  • Dynamic behavior and damage mechanism of white sandstone under cyclic impact and acid-base erosion
    YAO Weijing1, 2, 3, 4, RUI Shaoge1, CHENG Bin1, XU Hanbing1, PANG Jianyong1, 4
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 154-167.
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    To investigate the degradation behavior and damage mechanism of sandstone under acid-base erosion and cyclic impact, a series of constant-amplitude impact tests were conducted on acid-base-eroded white sandstone using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test device at four impact pressures, including 0.12 MPa, 0.125 MPa, 0.13 MPa, and 0.135 MPa. The effects of impact number, stress-strain response, deformation modulus, and energy evolution were analyzed, and a cumulative damage factor was defined based on the Lemaitre strain equivalence principle. Results indicate that both erosion and impact pressure significantly affect the impact resistance of sandstone. The intact specimens endured up to ten impacts at 0.12 MPa, whereas eroded specimens failed after fewer than two impacts at 0.135 MPa. All stress-strain curves exhibited rebound behavior after the peak. With increasing impact cycles, peak stress and deformation modulus decreased by up to 57.1% and 86.1%, while peak strain, average strain rate, and cumulative specific energy absorption value increased to 0.136, 75.95 s⁻¹, and 1.98 J•cm⁻³, respectively. The cumulative damage factor showed a strong negative correlation with dynamic peak stress (R² > 0.93), confirming that acid-base erosion and higher impact intensity accelerate crack propagation and exacerbate dynamic failure.
  • Damage evaluation method for CFRP enhanced petroleum pipelines with localized defects subjected to near-field blast loading
    CUI Ying1, 2, LIN Jiangyu1, 2, GAO Yihong2, 3, ZHAO Junhai4, QU Zhan1, 2, FANG Jun5
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 168-178.
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    To investigate and compare the damage resistance of buried petroleum pipelines with local defects after reinforcement subjected to near-field blast loading and to establish a scientific and effective method for blast-induced damage evaluation. Through the design and implementation of buried explosion experiment, the damage characteristics and effective evaluation methods of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer （CFRP） fabric-reinforced buried petroleum pipeline with localized defects and normal buried petroleum pipeline with localized defects subjected to near-field blast loading were researched comprehensively. With experimental data and numerical simulation, the propagation characteristics of blast shock waves in air and soil under the condition of different mesh sizes were comparatively analyzed，and based on pressure-impulse damage theory and current design standard constraints, a critical safe deformation ratio damage evaluation index for pipeline cross sections was developed. Furthermore, the damage assessment criterion of CFRP enhanced buried petroleum pipeline with localized defects subjected to near-field blast loading was established. The results showed that under the condition of scale distance of 0.23m/kg1/3, both types of pipeline specimens on the surface facing the explosive had obvious dent deformations, and the dent deformation values of the CFRP enhanced pipeline with localized defects was 29.69% lower than that of the normal pipeline with localized defects. Moreover, the pipeline on the surface facing the explosive and the end of the connection was highly sensitive to be damaged. The propagation of blast shock wave with 10 mm and 20 mm meshes sizes were generally consistent and the peak pressure deviation values did not exceed 1.5%. However, the computational efficiency of the 20 mm mesh sizes was increased twice. Meanwhile, the propagation of blast shock wave with 40 mm mesh sizes showed a non-spherical shape and the peak pressure deviation was up to 12.75% compared with the 10 mm mesh sizes. Compared with normal pipeline with localized defects, the maximum values of Von Mises stress of the CFRP enhanced pipeline with localized defects was decreased by 18.39%, the results demonstrate that the CFRP fabric effectively reduces the stress concentration phenomenon at pipeline defects and decreases the change of stress gradient. Finally, the critical safety deformation ratio of cross section was established and could be used as an effective criterion for assessing damage and failure of pipelines subjected to near-field blast loading. Based on the critical safety deformation ratio, the damage assessment formula had been established according to pressure and impulse (P-I) damage assessment theory.
  • Error assessment of response time histories for vehicle under-belly blast
    ZHENG Qichen1, FU Tiaoqi2
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 179-185.
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    In order to solve the problem of model quality evaluation in the simulation analysis of vehicle under-belly blast scenario, this paper introduces the error assessment of response time histories method, quantizes the phase error, magnitude error and slope error between the test and simulation time domain response result data based on cross-correlation function and dynamic time warping algorithm. This paper also improves the error quantification according to the data characteristics of blast impact scenario. At the same time, based on Gaussian model, a model quality scoring method with various errors is proposed. The results show that the error assessment of response time histories method can clearly quantify the difference between test and simulation. Combined with the proposed model quality scoring method, it can effectively evaluate the model quality, help researchers to improve the model. This study lays a foundation for high-quality modeling research in vehicle under-belly blast scenario. 
  • Penetration resistance of a quartz sand-filled composite armor against shaped charge jets
    DING Ziguang, ZU Xudong, XIAO Qiangqiang
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 186-193.
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     This paper proposes a novel composite armor structure based on quartz sand filling, aiming to integrate the high hardness of ceramic materials with the energy dissipation characteristics of liquid armor. Through a systematic research approach combining discrete element method (DEM) numerical simulations and jet penetration experiments, the physical mechanisms by which this structure disrupts shaped charge jet penetration are thoroughly revealed, and the influence of quartz sand particle size on protective performance is investigated. The results indicate that under high-speed jet impact, the material primarily acts through the following mechanisms: the cutting effect of high-hardness quartz sand particles on the jet surface, dynamic backflow of quartz sand particles induced by the jet penetration channel, dynamic compaction of the quartz sand layer under impact loading, intense friction between quartz sand particles dissipating significant energy, and fragmentation of some quartz sand particles further absorbing energy. These mechanisms collectively work to effectively disperse the jet energy and substantially reduce its tip velocity. Simulations and experiments confirm that the optimal protective performance is achieved when filled with 3 mm quartz sand, significantly reduces its penetration depth into homogeneous steel targets by 48.15%. This material system successfully combines the hardness of sand with the energy dissipation advantages of liquid armor, offering a promising new design approach to enhance the protective capabilities of armored vehicles, ship sides, and fixed fortifications against shaped charge jet threats.
  • Study on elastoplastic response law and anti-explosion design method of pipeline under gas detonation
    FU Liantong1, DU Yang1, LIU Yuanqi1, WANG Jiaji1, SUN Yixiao1, ZHANG Yuhan1, ZHOU Fan2
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 194-205.
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    Pipelines serve as essential infrastructure for transporting various fluid media and play a critical role in national energy transmission systems. The media transported within them are often flammable and explosive. However, internal pipeline explosions may result from human operational errors, spontaneous decomposition, or other abnormal factors, leading to structural failure or rupture and causing serious accidents. Thus, developing effective explosion-resistant design methods for pipelines is one of the urgent technical challenges that the industry needs to address. In this paper, an elastoplastic response analysis model for pipelines under gas detonation was developed based on a thermal-viscoplastic constitutive model, a gas detonation simulation algorithm, and a fluid-solid coupling algorithm. It was found that the propagation velocity of the reflected detonation wave was significantly lower than that of the incident detonation wave, but the pressure could rise to 2.4–2.5 times that of the incident wave. The dynamic responses of three typical pipeline materials under detonation and reflected detonation of different gases were further analyzed. The results indicate that the response of pipelines is not solely governed by the overpressure of shock waves, but also influenced by the pressure impulse and the coupling interaction between the incident and reflected detonation waves. At last, a quantitative relationship between the detonation/reflected detonation pressures and the equivalent static pressure was established according to the condition of equal strain. A practical formula was developed to determine the required thickness of explosion-resistant pipelines, leading to a simplified and efficient explosion-resistant design method.
    • CIVIL ENGINEERING
  • Suppression effects of slot cover plates on the vertical vortex-induced vibrations of split triple-box girders
    YANG Han1, 2, MA Cunming1, 2, ZHENG Shixiong1, 2, YANG Xu1, 2, ZENG Ding1, 2
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 206-212.
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    Split triple-box girders are increasingly applied in long-span road-rail bridges, where vortex-induced vibration (VIV) behavior and its control are crucial for wind-resistant design. Taking a long-span cable-stayed-suspension bridge with a triple-box girder as the engineering background, sectional model wind tunnel tests were conducted to investigate VIV characteristics under different angles of attack (AoA) and to evaluate the effectiveness of slot cover plates installed along both sides of the slot. The influence of ventilation rate on the girder’s VIV response was further clarified. Results show that two vertical VIV lock-in regions exist in the completed bridge state. In the first region, the vibration amplitude is highly sensitive to the AoA, reaching maximum dimensionless values of 0.035, 0.067, and 0.081 at +3°, 0°, and -3°, respectively, while the second region exhibits relatively small amplitude variation. VIV is mainly induced by vortices within the girder gaps, and the response intensifies as the AoA decreases due to the growth of surrounding vortex structures. Slot cover plates effectively mitigate vertical VIV, with vibrations nearly eliminated when the ventilation rate is below 25%. The plates reshape the flow field by weakening deck vortices, stabilizing gap vortices, and dividing the flow into upper and lower regions, thereby reducing airflow coupling between the top and web plates and disrupting the periodic excitation mechanism. The findings provide new insights into the VIV mechanism of split triple-box girders and offer a practical aerodynamic measure for the wind-resistant design of similar bridge cross-sections.
  • Quasi-static experiment research on the bottom joint of prefabricated partition walls utilizing column shoes
    TANG Zeren1, ZHAO Yong1, JIANG Haoliang3, ZHANG Bangchao2, YE Yuhang1, 4, LIU Xian1
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 213-222.
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    To improve construction efficiency of partition walls in large-diameter shield tunnels, this paper adopted column-shoe connections to the bottom joints in prefabricated partition walls. Quasi-static tests were conducted to obtain the skeleton curve, failure modes, and mechanical performance, and the results were compared with those of cast-in-place partition walls. The results indicate:  Both two types of partition walls remained intact under equivalent service loads. In addition, both two types of partition walls exposed to horizontal bending cracks before yielding. The cast-in-situ wall ultimately failed in hearing diagonal cracks, while the wall with column shoe failed due to anchorage failure of the lap bars in the shoes. The connection between partition wall and under-track structure’s slab revealed no cracking at failure level. However, in the grouting area between partition wall and under-track structure’s slab separates completely before yielding in the wall with column shoes, and most connecting bolts yielded at failure level but retaining residual capacity. The wall with column shoes had lower initial stiffness than the cast-in-situ wall, yet dissipated more energy before yielding. After yielding, its energy dissipation capacity declines. Before severely damage, deformation of walls with column shoes was dominated by rotation, with the proportions of bending and slip first decreasing and then increasing. While shear deformation raised once severely damage begins. Neither two types of bottom joints reached the requirement for fully rigid connection, but the wall-to-slab connection remained effective at failure level. Moreover, the wall with column shoes exhibited higher initial rotational stiffness than the cast-in-situ wall.  Both types of partition walls remain intact under the design loads. It is recommended to provide Circumferential stirrups within a defined range at the bottom of wall and the top slab of under-track structure to enhance seismic performance and prevent anchorage failure.
  • Cross scale evolution mechanism and critical precursor identification of fracture mode in cement slurry filled fractured sandstone
    YU Guohua1, LI Junjie2, YE Tengfei3, WANG Mengjian4
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 223-236.
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    This study investigates the influence of cement grouting on the mechanical properties and meso-scale fracture mechanisms of fractured sandstone. Uniaxial compression tests were performed on sandstone specimens containing single fissures at various inclination angles (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°). Acoustic emission activity was monitored throughout testing, while digital image correlation tracked the evolution of full-field surface strains. The mechanical characteristics, failure modes, microcrack development, and instability precursors were systematically analyzed. The experimental results show that cement grouting significantly improves the strength and deformation capacity of fractured sandstone, and the strength variation with fissure inclination follows a U-shaped distribution. Grouting also alters the crack propagation behavior and failure mode. In ungrouted specimens, the failure mode shifts from tensile-dominated at low fissure angles to shear-dominated at intermediate angles, then back to tensile-dominated at the highest angle. In contrast, grouted specimens predominantly fail in tensile or tensile-shear composite modes, as the grout effectively suppresses shear slip along the fissure. Additionally, grouting substantially reduces the proportion of shear cracks, especially for fissure inclinations in the 30°~75° range, due to the bonding effect that inhibits slip on the fissure surfaces. Compared to conventional AE frequency parameters (average frequency and dominant frequency), the early-warning method based on critical slowing down achieves a higher precursor response stress ratio (precursor response stress ratio > 90%), allowing warnings at a stress level much closer to the macroscopic failure stress. This research elucidates how cement grouting regulates the fracturing behavior of sandstone and provides a theoretical foundation for stability evaluation and disaster early warning in grout-reinforced rock masses.
  • Comparative tests of vibration compaction techniques for subway station lining walls and evaluation methods of vibration compaction effects
    PAN Guoqing1, SUN Jiuchun1, SANG Yunlong2, HE Wei3, WANG Guobo4, SONG Shiqi3, XIN Jingqiang3
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 237-249.
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    The inner lining wall of a subway station serves as a critical load-bearing component, and its construction quality directly influences the structural reliability and service life. Concrete vibration consolidation is a key factor affecting the construction quality of subway inner lining walls; however, systematic research in this area remains limited. To address this gap, this study conducted a comparative experimental investigation on the vibration consolidation process for subway station inner lining walls. Seven concrete specimens were designed and fabricated, representing three typical wall thicknesses: 400 mm, 600 mm, and 800 mm. The vibration response characteristics, spatial propagation patterns of vibration energy, and their effects on wall density and uniformity were systematically evaluated for three vibration methods—attached, inserted, and combined. Furthermore, by integrating ultrasonic non-destructive testing results, the intrinsic relationship between vibration response and consolidation quality was thoroughly analyzed. The findings indicate that: (1) The attached vibration method exhibits stable periodic vibration characteristics and uniform energy distribution, making it suitable for large-scale, uniform consolidation of thin (400 mm) and medium-thick (600 mm) walls. In contrast, the inserted vibration method produces unstable, localized high-frequency vibrations with higher energy dispersion, rendering it more appropriate for targeted densification in specific areas. For thick walls (800 mm), the combined vibration method effectively integrates the advantages of both approaches, demonstrating significant synergistic effects that enhance the penetration depth of vibration energy and improve overall density. (2) A positive correlation exists between vibration response and wall density. Moderate vibration levels significantly enhance wall quality; however, when the vibration response exceeds a certain threshold, density improvement plateaus or even declines, indicating the risk of "over-vibration." (3) Curing age exerts a significant influence on wall density and uniformity, thereby constituting a crucial factor in ensuring construction quality.
    • EARTHQUAKE SCIENCE AND STRUCTURE SEISMIC RESILIENCE
  • Empiricalcorrelations of acceleration response spectra with other ground-motion intensity measures considering various damping ratios for S-net offshore ground motion
    HU Jinjun1, 2, QU Zhenyu1, 2, LIU Mingji1, 2
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 250-260.
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    The empirical correlations between the acceleration response spectrum (Sa) with 5% damping ratio and other ground motion intensity measures (IM) have been extensively studied and applied in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis . However, the empirical correlation between Sa at multiple damping ratios and other IM has rarely been explored, Furthermore, the damping ratios of marine structures often differ from 5%. Based on 7,276 records of offshore ground motion, obtained from S-net located in the Japan, this study investigates the empirical correlation between spectral acceleration (Sa) at multiple damping ratios and nine common intensity measures. Furthermore, it compares the correlations between acceleration spectrum intensity, velocity spectrum intensity, and other IM under different damping ratios. The results indicate that variation in damping ratio has a significant impact on certain period ranges of , with a range of 0.2. The influence of the damping ratio on and is less pronounced compared to its effect on  , with a range of correlation coefficients of 0.1. The proposed empirical correlation model demonstrates high predictive accuracy. It is applicable to the generalized conditional intensity measure method, supporting the selection of design ground motions and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for marine structure.    
  • Limitation of backfill soil for rural houses-experimental study on a sliding isolation foundation system
    SUN Haifeng1, CHEN Jinxuan1, YIN Zhiyong2, JING Liping3, LI Yuan1
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 261-272.
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    To address the issues of the single-slip isolation foundation lacking a limiting function and the need for additional damping devices, which lead to high isolation costs and complex construction procedures for rural residences, this paper proposes a simple-structured backfill soil limiting - universal ball friction slip isolation foundation system (referred to as SIF). This system utilizes the good plastic deformation of backfill soil to limit the upper structure and constructs a low-friction slip interface through universal balls, decoupling the vibration of the structural foundation from the ground. To evaluate its isolation performance, the paper conducts vibration table tests of the non-isolation system (referred to as NIS) and the SIF system, and establishes an ABAQUS finite element model to verify the dynamic response characteristics of the upper structure and the geometric nonlinear behavior of concrete plastic damage. At the same time, the influence of sensitive parameters is analyzed, and the stability of the SIF system under different spectral characteristics of ground motion is verified. The results show that in terms of acceleration control, when inputting seismic waves of different design amplitudes (0.1g, 0.2g, and 0.4g), the isolation rates of the SIF system are 4%, 33%, and 40% respectively; in terms of displacement control, the inter-story displacement of the SIF system structure is significantly reduced, with a reduction rate of 53% under the input of 0.4g El Centro seismic waves. The research results show that the SIF system has good isolation performance, indicating that the proposed backfill soil limiting measure can equivalently achieve the performance of dampers, providing a new path for the seismic design of rural residences with economic priority.
  • Experimental study on the seismic performance of a beam-column joint connected with combined angle steel-sleeve
    ZHOU Shuchun1, XU Shuai1, JING Yanrui2, ZHENG Xiaowei1, L Henglin1
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 273-284.
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    For assembled buildings, an efficient and reliable beam-column connection joint is a key component to ensure the safety of the structure in service. Therefore, this article proposes a beam-column joint connected with combined angle steel-sleeve, which is completely assembled with high-strength bolts and accounts for the influences of beam with honeycomb holes, slab and steel tube filled with concrete or not. In order to further investigate the seismic performance of the joint, the proposed static test of 1:2 scaled members was carried out, and the failure mode, hysteresis curve, skeleton curve, and energy dissipation capacity of the joint were discussed in detail. The influence of floor effect, concrete filling or not, honeycomb hole characteristics, etc. on its seismic performance was analyzed. The research results show that: ① The bearing capacity and initial stiffness of the joints were increased by 23.1% and 26%, respectively, when the floor restraint effect was taken into account; ② The initial stiffness and ductility of the joints were increased by 132.7% and 60.6%, respectively, when the columns were filled with concrete, which effectively utilized the energy dissipation capacity of the joints;③ The honeycomb holes have little effect on the stiffness, bearing capacity, and energy dissipation level of the joints. The application in this current study is beneficial for promoting the design and engineering application of this kind of beam-column joints.
    • FAULT DIAGNOSIS ANALYSIS
  • Two-stage fault diagnosis method for deep residual cvae with fused multitasking uncertainty
    ZHANG Hongliang1, 2, LI Jiacheng1, YU Haonan1, ZHANG Yuteng3
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 285-298.
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    Aiming at issues such as data class imbalance in rotating machinery fault diagnosis and insufficient feature extraction capability of deep diagnosis models when processing long time-series vibration signals, a two-stage fault diagnosis method integrating deep residual conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) with multi-task uncertainty is proposed. A 1D residual neural network is employed as the backbone network of the encoder to extract deep features from vibration signals. A multi-task loss function based on uncertainty theory is designed to adaptively balance the weights of reconstruction and classification tasks. The Focal Loss with class weights is introduced to address data imbalance. A two-stage training strategy is constructed: the first stage involves joint training to learn data distribution features, while the second stage optimizes classification performance through data augmentation and fine-tuning. Experiments on the radially loaded bearing dataset and the XJTU-Spurgear dataset show that the proposed method achieves diagnostic accuracies of 96.20% and 95.45%, macro-average F1-scores of 94.87% and 94.16%, and balanced accuracies of 95.84% and 94.67%, respectively. All metrics outperform existing methods, validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach in imbalanced fault diagnosis.
  • Data augmentation method for gear fault diagnosis based on physics-guided deep learning
    YE Hongjiangbei, CHEN Zhen, PAN Ershun
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 299-308.
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    A data augmentation method based on physics guided deep learning was proposed to address the issues of scarce fault samples and insufficient accuracy of physical models in gear fault diagnosis. Firstly, a pure torsional dynamic model of the gear system was constructed. Considering the limitations of the physical model in adapting to real-world scenarios, a conditional generative adversarial network residual completion module with attention mechanism was introduced to form a data augmentation model guided by physics for deep learning, in order to generate state data that is close to real-world scenarios. The model adopted a two-stage training architecture: using particle swarm optimization algorithm to optimize the key parameters of the dynamic model; the residual between the optimized dynamic model output and the real signal as input, with the crack degree as a conditional label, using gradient descent to train the parameters of the generative adversarial network. Finally, the effectiveness of the method was verified through the gear fault diagnosis dataset. Compared with existing methods, this method combines the advantages of physical model and deep learning, providing high-quality data support for gear crack fault diagnosis in small sample scenarios.
    • ACOUSTIC RESEARCH AND APPLICATION
  • Aerodynamic noise characteristics and similarity rules of landing gears with different scales
    FAN Zhenglei1, SONG Yubao1, TIAN Hao1, ZHAO Jiaxi1, ZHAO Kun1, ZHENG Guoyu2
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 309-318.
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    By reasonably extrapolating the wind tunnel test results of the landing gear model and accurately assessing the aerodynamic noise characteristics of the actual landing gear, can effectively reduce testing costs. Based on the wind tunnel test results of aerodynamic noise generated by two-wheel landing gear at different scales, we conducted research on its far-field noise characteristics, noise source distribution, and similarity criteria. The research results indicate that the wide band noise and discrete noise with Helmholtz numbers similar of two wheel landing gear at different scales have similar characteristics; the far-field noise frequency is normalized by selecting the Helmholtz number similarity and Mach number proportional rate n of 7, which can make the broadband noise and discrete noise with similar Helmholtz number coincide well; Similarly, the extrapolation results derived from mesoscale two-wheel landing gear can accurately predict the broadband noise of large-scale two-wheel landing gear, as well as discrete noise with a similar Helmholtz number. However, due to certain differences in discrete noise with similar Strouhal numbers in the far-field noise of two-wheel landing gear across different scales, extrapolation results based on the far-field noise of mesoscale two-wheel landing gear cannot accurately predict the discrete noise with similar Strouhal numbers in the far-field noise of large-scale two-wheel landing gear.
  • Theoretical and simulation study on the sound insulation characteristics of sandwich cylindrical shells with negative Poisson’s ratio honeycomb cores
    CHEN Jinyao1, YAN Wenjie1, 2, YIN Xiaolong1, ZHANG Yabo1, QIAO Zhuyanmin1, LI Zhenhuan1
    Journal of Vibration and Shock. 2026, 45(10): 319-326.
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    Compared with traditional lightweight sound insulation structures, auxetic honeycomb structures exhibit excellent deformation resistance and stability under impact or vibrational loads. Focusing on a sandwich cylindrical shell with an auxetic honeycomb core, this study investigates its sound transmission loss performance within the 0–1000 Hz frequency range through theoretical calculations and simulation analysis. Firstly, a finite element model is established using acoustic simulation software, and its accuracy and validity are verified by comparing the results with theoretical calculations. Subsequently, by comparing with conventional honeycomb structures, it is shown that the average sound transmission loss of the auxetic honeycomb structure is increased by 5.5%, indicating that the auxetic honeycomb sandwich shell possesses superior sound insulation performance in the low-frequency range compared to traditional honeycomb sandwich shells. Finally, the influence of variations in the unit cell parameters of the honeycomb core on the sound insulation characteristics is analyzed and discussed. The results demonstrate that the sound transmission loss of the auxetic honeycomb sandwich cylindrical shell improves with decreasing cell wall thickness, increasing internal angle, increasing cell wall length, and decreasing long beam length.
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